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Lawyer N. Kaufman's speech during the ICC's confirmation charges of FPRRD (1st of 2 parts)

  (Transcript of the Final Submission of Defense Lawyer Nicholas Kaufman at the International Criminal Court during the Confirmation Charges Hearing of former Philippines' president Rodrigo Roa Duterte on Feb. 2026. First of two parts). "I would like to start off by addressing the requirement that the acts of murder alleged be committed as part of or in themselves constitute a widespread or systematic attack. The second requirement is that these acts of murder be directed against the civilian population.  With respect to the unique ICC requirement of an organizational policy, I would suggest that this concept has been conflated with the common plan and as such I shall address the matter later in mysubmissions. So to start by reference to the widespread or systematic nature of the attack, I would like to draw your honor's attention to the fact that count one contains nine incidents of murder in one city, Davao, hardly widespread. Miss Robin Croft in her submissions yesterda...

From Classrooms to Conflict Zones: Protecting Students in High-Risk Community Immersion Areas

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  This discusses insights about community-based immersion and offers practical standard mechanisms to protect university students engaged in this program, particularly in high-risk community immersion areas and, more critically, in potential conflict zones where latent conflict between rebels and government forces have all the conditions to escalate into violence. It attempts to examine the institutional frameworks, legal considerations, operational protocols, and welfare dimensions crucial for ensuring student safety and well-being during such experiential learning initiatives. The discussion emphasizes the collaborative roles of universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and government agencies in establishing robust protection measures . 1. Introduction University-led community immersion programs are integral to various academic disciplines, including public works, social work, nursing, and social sciences. These programs facilitate experiential learning, data gather...

Consent

One does not cultivate land belonging to another, whether for sustenance or benevolence, without the owner’s permission. One does not take from another’s wallet without clear authorization, regardless of intent. Entry into another’s property, even under the guise of goodwill, demands prior consent.  Likewise, the collection or use of an individual’s private information must be preceded by informed and voluntary agreement. Consent is more pronounced as foundational relational matter under the IPRA law. These are not mere courtesies; they are essential safeguards of autonomy, dignity, and legal order. A person or entity that deliberately seeks out information protected by law as confidential, and does so without proper legal authority such as a court order, is generally described as engaging in unauthorized access or unlawful surveillance. Depending on the context and jurisdiction, more specific terms may apply: 1. Data privacy violator – commonly used when laws on personal data prot...

Lip tint, construction tools, kitchen mix — exactly that!

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Exactly I'm this mixture. Little things to spot a difference. Possess the tools and do the things as best as possible. Do the process and claim a goal. At 28-30s, I have pre-occupied myself in investing for home construction, power installation, food, payment of bills or services and education. In my 30s, our third home was 95% complete, except for some additional architectural design which can be done when opportunity arise. I have relaxed from home construction in the late 30s, focusing only with child's education, healthcare, and other needs. My sister followed similar trend for her family. The only operating idea is " iplastar ang pamilya. " I am glad I have invested in construction and repair tools the past 2-3 years or so. I obsessed about having these gadgets and it is helping me make repairs easier and cool. It also helped in the diminution of my vulnerabilities in negotiating with markets and services. Guess I inherited this from my father who collected all s...